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The luminous and dark matter content of disk galaxies
We have compiled a sample of disk galaxies with available photometry inthe B and K bands, velocity line-widths and HI integral fluxes. Severalparameters that trace the luminous, baryonic and dark matter contentswere inferred. We investigated how these parameters vary with differentgalaxy properties, and compared the results with predictions of galaxyevolutionary models in the context of the Λ Cold Dark Matter(ΛCDM) cosmogony. The ratio of disk-to-total maximum circularvelocity, (Vd,m/Vt,m), depends mainly on thecentral disk surface density Σd,0 (or surfacebrightness, SB), increasing roughly asΣd,00.15. While a fraction of high SBgalaxies have a (Vd,m/Vt,m) ratio corresponding tothe maximum disk solution, the low SB are completely dark matterdominated. The trend is similar for the models, although they haveslightly smaller (Vd,m/Vt,m) ratios thanobservations, in particular at the highest SBs and when small baryonfractions are used. The scatter in the(Vd,m/Vt,m)- Σd,0 plot is large.An analysis of residuals shows that (Vd,m/Vt,m)tends to decrease as the galaxy is redder, more luminous (massive), andof earlier type. The models allow us to explain the physics of theseresults, which imply a connexion between halo structure and luminousproperties. The dynamical-to-baryon mass and dynamical mass-to-light (Band K) ratios at a given radius were also estimated. All these ratios,for observations and models, decrease with Σd,0; (orSB) and do not correlate significantly with the galaxy scale, contraryto what has been reported in previous works, based on the analysis ofrotation curve shapes. We discuss this difference and state theimportance of solving the controversy of whether the dark and luminouscontents in disk galaxies depend on SB or luminosity. The broadagreement between the models and observations presented here regardingthe trends of the dynamical-to-baryon matter and mass-to-light ratioswith several galaxy properties favors the ΛCDM scenario. However,the excess of dark matter inside the optical region of disk galaxiesremains the main difficulty.Appendices A and B are only available in electronic form athttp://www.edpsciences.org. Table 1 is only available at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/412/633
| Mass-to-light ratios from the fundamental plane of spiral galaxy discs
The best-fitting two-dimensional plane within the three-dimensionalspace of spiral galaxy disc observables (rotational velocityvrot, central disc surface brightnessμ0=-2.5logI0 and disc scalelength h) has beenconstructed. Applying the three-dimensional bisector method ofregression analysis to a sample of ~100 spiral galaxy discs that spanmore than 4magarcsec-2 in central disc surface brightnessyields vrot\proptoI0.50\pm0.050\,h0.77\pm 0.07 (B band)and vrot\proptoI0.43\pm0.040\,h0.69\pm 0.07 (R band).Contrary to popular belief, these results suggest that in the B band,the dynamical mass-to-light ratio (within four disc scalelengths) islargely independent of the surface brightness, varying as I0.00\pm0.100\,h0.54\pm 0.14. Consistentresults were obtained when the range of the analysis was truncated byexcluding the low-surface-brightness galaxies. Previous claims thatM/LBvaries withI-1/20,Bareshown to be misleading and/or caused by galaxy selection effects - notall low-surface-brightness disc galaxies are dark matter dominated. Thesituation is, however, different in the near-infrared whereLK'~v4 and M/LK' is shown to vary asI-1/20,K\prime. Theoretical studies ofspiral galaxy discs should therefore not assume a constant M/L ratiowithin any given passband. The B-band dynamical mass-to-light ratio(within four disc scalelengths) has no obvious correlation with (B-R)disc colour, while in the K' band it varies as -1.25+/-0.28(B-R).Combining the present observational data with recent galaxy modelpredictions implies that the logarithm of the stellar-to-dynamical massratio is not a constant value, but increases as discs become redder,varying as 1.70+/-0.28(B-R).
| Galaxy coordinates. II. Accurate equatorial coordinates for 17298 galaxies
Using images of the Digitized Sky Survey we measured coodinates for17298 galaxies having poorly defined coordinates. As a control, wemeasured with the same method 1522 galaxies having accurate coordinates.The comparison with our own measurements shows that the accuracy of themethod is about 6 arcsec on each axis (RA and DEC).
| Surface photometry of bulge dominated low surface brightness galaxies
We present results of broad band BVRI observations of a sample ofgalaxies with a low surface brightness (LSB) disk and a bulge. Thesegalaxies are well described as exponential disks and exponential bulgeswith no preferred value for either scale length or central surfacebrightness. The median B band disk scale length is 12.6 kpc(H0 = 75 km s-1 Mpc-1) which is muchlarger than scale lengths of typical (disk dominated) LSB or highsurface brightness (HSB) galaxies. Furthermore, the disk and bulge scalelengths are correlated, suggesting a coupling in the formation. Bulgedominated LSB galaxies are observed to be redder than disk dominated LSBgalaxies and their bulge-to-disk ratios are increasing towards redderwavelengths. We find colors that are comparable to or bluer than HSBgalaxies of the same morphological types. Bulge dominated LSB galaxiesare therefore not faded HSB galaxies with no current star formation. Wefind that bulge dominated LSB galaxies fit in with the general trendsdefined by the HSB galaxies. The properties of these bulge dominated LSBgalaxies show that LSB galaxies do not just come in two varieties. Theycover the entire range in optical and morphological properties betweenlate-type disk dominated LSBs and giant Malin-1-like LSBs. LSB galaxiesthus also form a LSB Hubble sequence, parallel to the classical HSB one.
| Total magnitude, radius, colour indices, colour gradients and photometric type of galaxies
We present a catalogue of aperture photometry of galaxies, in UBVRI,assembled from three different origins: (i) an update of the catalogueof Buta et al. (1995) (ii) published photometric profiles and (iii)aperture photometry performed on CCD images. We explored different setsof growth curves to fit these data: (i) The Sersic law, (ii) The net ofgrowth curves used for the preparation of the RC3 and (iii) A linearinterpolation between the de Vaucouleurs (r(1/4) ) and exponential laws.Finally we adopted the latter solution. Fitting these growth curves, wederive (1) the total magnitude, (2) the effective radius, (3) the colourindices and (4) gradients and (5) the photometric type of 5169 galaxies.The photometric type is defined to statistically match the revisedmorphologic type and parametrizes the shape of the growth curve. It iscoded from -9, for very concentrated galaxies, to +10, for diffusegalaxies. Based in part on observations collected at the Haute-ProvenceObservatory.
| Scaleheights of 486 southern spiral galaxies and some statistical correlation
Based on Peng's method (1988), we obtain scaleheights of 486 southernspiral galaxies, the images of which are taken from the Digitized SkySurvey at Xinglong Station of Beijing Astronomical Observatory. Thefitted spiral arms of 70 galaxies are compared with their images to gettheir optimum inclinations. The scaleheights of other 416 ones arelisted in Table A1 in Appendix. After compiling and analyzing the data,we find some statistical correlations. The most interesting results arethat a flatter galaxy is bluer and looks brighter, and galaxies becomeflatter along the Hubble sequence Sab -- Scd. Based on photographic dataof the National Geographic Society -- Palomar Observatory Sky Survey(NGS-POSS) obtained using the Oschin Telescope Palomar Mountain. TheNGS-POSS was funded by a grant from the National Geographic Society tothe California Institute of Technology. The plates were processed intothe present compressed digital form with their permission. The DigitizedSky Survey was produced at the Space Telescope Science Institute underUS Government grant NAG W-2166. Table A1 is available in electronic fromonly, via anonymous ftp 130.79.128.5 orhttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| The Catalog of Southern Ringed Galaxies
The Catalog of Southern Ringed Galaxies (CSRG) is a comprehensivecompilation of diameters, axis ratios, relative bar position angles, andmorphologies of inner and outer rings, pseudorings, and lenses in 3692galaxies south of declination -17 deg. The purpose of the catalog is toevaluate the idea that these ring phenomena are related to orbitalresonances with a bar or oval in galaxy potentials. The catalog is basedon visual inspection of most of the 606 fields of the Science ResearchCouncil (SRC) IIIa-J southern sky survey, with the ESO-B, ESO-R, andPalomar Sky surveys used as auxiliaries when needed for overexposed coreregions. The catalog is most complete for SRC fields 1-303 (mostly southof declination -42 deg). In addition to ringed galaxies, a list of 859mostly nonringed galaxies intended for comparison with other catalogs isprovided. Other findings from the CSRG that are not based on statisticsare the identification of intrinsic bar/ring misalignment; bars whichunderfill inner rings; dimpling of R'1pseudorings; pointy, rectangular, or hexagonal inner or outer ringshapes; a peculiar polar-ring-related system; and other extreme examplesof spiral structure and ring morphology.
| Galaxy properties in different environments. 1: The sample
This paper presents two galaxy samples, respectively in a high and in alow local density environments, that were generated from the SouthernSky Redshift Survey (SSRS) catalog using objective criteria. Apreliminary comparison of physical properties in these two samplesreveals that galaxies in high-density environments tend to be under ahigher starbursting activity, have a deficiency of the neutral hydrogencontent, present a higher fractional Seyfert population and a higherfraction of barred spirals as well. The present samples are intended tobe used in future spectroscopic observations for more detailedinvestigation.
| Galaxy properties in different environments. 2: Star formation in bulges of late-type spirals
The star formation history in the nucleus of late spiral galaxies iscompared between a sample in a high galaxy density medium (HDS) and acontrol sample (CS) of isolated galaxies. We have observed 20 HDS and 18CS galaxies from a larger list generated by the application of agroup-finding algorithm to the SSRS survey. Using equivalent widths ofabsorption lines and the continuum distribution, we determined thenuclear stellar population types, from those dominated by old populationto those containing star formation bursts of different ages andintensities. The HDS and CS stellar population type histograms aresimilar, suggesting that environmental influences, at least for thepresent sample, do not affect substantially the nuclear stellarpopulation. However, the nuclear emission lines indicate that, in theBPT diagnostic diagrams, there is an excess of HDS galaxies locatedwithin or close to the active galactic nuclei (AGN) loci. For six HDSand two CS galaxies, it was possible to determine oxygen (O/H) andnitrogen (N/H) abundances. The samples present similar O/H values, butin the CS galaxies the N/O ratio is lower at equal galaxy luminosity.
| The distribution of dust in Sb's and Sc's - K-band infrared imaging of a diameter limited sample of 37 galaxies.
We present deep infrared K-band surface photometry for adiameter-limited sample of normal Sb and Sc galaxies. In addition,surface brightness, optical and optical-infrared colors andisophote-shapes have been obtained from the ESO-LV B and R photographicimages of these galaxies. For each galaxy we present global photometricparameters, as well as individual radial surface brightness and colorprofiles. Our analysis includes the fitting of ellipses in the threebands, bulge-disk decompositions, and the derivation of growth curves inelliptical apertures. The main conclusion of the paper is that thesegalaxies exhibit very large color gradients - B and K scale lengthratios vary between 1.2 and 2.0 and increase with axis ratio. The largemagnitude of these gradients suggest that they are not due to stellarpopulation differences, but are primarily due to extinction by dust inthe B-band. We also find that the range of central surface brightnessesin the K-band is considerably larger than in B, showing that the stellarproperties are better studied in K. A more detailed evaluation of theresults, specifically with regard to the spatial distribution of boththe dust and the stars in Sb and Sc galaxies, will be presented in anaccompanying paper (Peletier et al. 1994, Paper II).
| Southern Sky Redshift Survey - The catalog
The catalog of radial velocities for galaxies which comprise thediameter-limited sample of the Southern Sky Redshift Survey ispresented. It consolidates the data of observations carried out at theLas Campanas Observatory, Observatorio Nacional, and South AfricanAstronomical Observatory. The criteria used for the sample selection aredescribed, as well as the observational procedures and the techniqueutilized to obtain the final radial velocities. The intercomparisonbetween radial velocity measurements from different telescopes indicatesthat the final data base is fairly homogeneous with a typical error ofabout 40 km/s. The sample is at present 90 percent complete, and themissing galaxies are predominantly objects with very low surfacebrightness for which it is very difficult to obtain optical redshifts.
| BV photometry and radial velocities of southern spiral galaxies
Multiaperture photoelectric photometry for 119 southern spiral galaxiesand heliocentric velocities for 98 southern spiral galaxies obtainedfrom image-tube spectrograms are presented. The data were collected in1976, 1977, and 1978 at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. Themagnitude and (B-V) color index are compared with aperture diameter inorder to determine if the present data correlate with previousmeasurements. The comparison reveals that the data correspond. Theinternal measurement error of the radial velocities is estimated; it isobserved that the internal error for one measurement is 41 km/sec.
| Southern Galaxy Catalogue.
Not Available
| Objectively determined pitch angles of spiral galaxies in the light of competing theories concerning the spiral structure
Subjective criteria play a more important part in studies of galaxiesthan in other areas of astrophysics. Problems arise in connection withthe determination of the pitch angle. This parameter represents acrucial quantity for each theory of the spiral structure. Adetermination of the pitch angle on the basis of a procedure which is asobjective as possible can, therefore, make a contribution towards adecision with respect to the competing theories of the spiral structure.The present investigation is concerned with such a determination. Thedigitizing of galaxy images on the Schmidt plates of the ESO(B) Surveyis discussed, and an objective determination of the pitch angle isdescribed. The two competing theories regarding spiral formation,including the density wave theory reported by Lin et al. (1969) and theconcept of stochastic self propagating star formation considered byGerola and Seiden (1978), are evaluated on the basis of the obtainedpitch angle data. It is found that the agreement between theory andempirical data is significantly more satisfactory in the case of theconcept of stochastic star formation.
| Spectroscopic measures of galaxies, their companions, and peculiar galaxies in the southern hemisphere
Examples of apparent association of galaxies and also of single peculiargalaxies have been drawn from the Catalogue of Southern PeculiarGalaxies and Associations (Arp and Madore, in preparation).Spectroscopic measures are reported for 75 central or peculiar galaxiesand for 97 companion galaxies. Objects are identified by position andillustrated by photographic prints from the UK Schmidt (SRC) survey.Absorption and emission characteristics are tabulated for each spectrum,and heliocentric redshifts are given. The redshifts are calculated to beon the Reference Catalog II system (de Vaucouleurs et al. 1976) towithin plus or minus 50 km/s. The average redshift is repeatable towithin plus or minus 50 km/s. Differential redshifts of objects observedsimultaneously or sequentially can be considerably more accurate.
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